Technology and the road trip

 As I've written elsewhere, we're just back from a road trip to Port Lincoln in South Australia.

Technologywise, we took more or less the same as we took to Tasmania  last year - I took the HP ProBook which continues to function well as a travel computer, supplemented by the little Lenovo M8 tablet to read the news in the morning, and my second hand Canon Powershot.

I did take a film camera with me as well but it ended up staying in the bag for the whole trip.

Everywhere we stayed provided internet, but of variable quality - for example in Glenelg the internet in the short stay apartment was quite slow, and we ended up using my 4G travel modem, especially as J had to make a zoom call one morning.

In other places, for example in our rental cottage in Goolwa it was blisteringly fast.

In a couple of places, motels used these damn captive portal solutions where you have to jump through hoops to log on, and we simply used the 4G modem in preference as it provided reasonable speed for minimal hassle ...

Landfill and Windows 10

 Back in February I was fairly scathing about a news report that suggested that the end of support for Windows 10 would result in a tide of older machines incapable of running Windows 11 being dumped in landfill.

I still don't think that will be the case as regards home users and most corporates have made the jump already - most corporates replace machines every three or four years - but it is interesting that my favourite supplier of cheap refurbished laptops is running a promotion on cheap sub $300 laptops and almost all the machines are Windows 10 machines - most of their more expensive offerings are Windows 11 based suggesting that some corporate are already into their first Windows 11 refresh.

It also suggests that most of the buyers of refurbished machines are already on the lookout for a Windows 11 machine as a second machine, which does tend to suggest they are not installing linux on them.

And yet linux does have an advantage in that it is not the product of an American megacorp, and in these days of uncertainty about the USA and its role in the world, there may increasingly be people who would prefer their computer operating system to be independent of the megacorps.

And it's not just the paranoid - there are cases of various governments moving to linux, or at least experimenting with it as an option.

Perhaps and just perhaps, and given some people's dislike for AI in everything, the end of Windows 10 might nudge the uptake of linux on the desktop along a bit ...

Documenting artefacts - a tweak to the mechanicals

 For the last eight or nine years I've been volunteering as a cataloguer for the National Trust of Victoria, first documenting the contents of Dow's pharmacy in Chiltern, and then Lake View House, also in Chiltern.

And the methodology I use has not changed much from the method I first described back in 2017.

There were some changes along the way, such as the use of One Drive directly rather than uploading the data from a USB stick at the end of the day but the procedure at the end of the project was still essentially the same, as is the procedure used at Lake View, except that the data is entered into a spreadsheet designed to ease the ingest of the data into the Trust's digital asset management system - so while the way I structure the data may have changed, the procedure is basically the same starting with a descriptive entry written in longhand in an A4 notebook which is transcribed into the appropriate columns of the data entry spreadsheet.

As a procedure it's robust and it works well - don't knock it, and longhand entries in notebooks have a certain permanence.

But yesterday, I tried a slightly different procedure.

I was working on the contents of the kitchen, which is a detached brick building separate to the main house. The kitchen lacks power sockets, and lacks any free surface on which to write, the available surfaces being covered in exhibits, and I didn't want to have to carry artefacts from the kitchen to the main house to document them one by one.

However, we have plastic chairs in store for outside presentations etc and a large brick floor area suitable for photographing artefacts on against a white sheet (and equally if I needed to use my lightbox, it can be run off a powerbank).

So, I thought, why not take a second laptop in, sit on one of the plastic chairs, and create a basic spreadsheet not unlike the original ones I made up at Dow's and then cut and paste the data as required into the bigger and more formal spreadsheet.

To do this I used my linux based IdeaPad 1 and created a base spreadsheet using Libre Office Calc

There's nothing magical about using Linux here, you could equally well use a Mac or a Chromebook, or even a second windows device.

I settled on the IdeaPad as it has decent battery life and can drive my endoscope if required to capture a makers name or serial number on an artefact. I did think about using my lightweight research machine but the lack of power sockets in the kitchen worked against it - it only manages two to three hours on a full charge, and can be slow to recharge. The IdeaPad usually manages a little over four hours on a charge and recharges fairly quickly meaning it can be charged over lunch for an afternoon session.

Likewise there's nothing special about using Libre Office Calc, Numbers or a Mac or Google sheets on a ChromeBook, the only special thing I did was save the spreadsheet in a recent Excel 365 format.

After documenting about ten or twelve artefacts - which roughly takes an hour I would upload the spreadsheet to a scratch work area on One Drive via the web interface.

Documentation sessions are separated on the worksheet by blank lines to make sure that we are copying the correct data - it would be a bit of a problem if objects were accidentally duplicated.

I would then go across to the main house and my desk, and on my main work computer - a Thinkpad running Windows 10 cut and paste data from the scratch spreadsheet to the main sheet, doing any editing and restructuring required along the way, and add in the photo data.

While it sounds a bit of a pfaff, I found that not having to retype the data entries from my longhand notes did speed the process up a bit.

Obviously I could have simply uploaded the data and taken it home to work on, but I did want to check the quality of the photographs as I went, and perhaps do a little basic photo editing to make a makers' name or feature clearer.

All in all, I think using a second machine like this was a win, even if the procedure sounds a little clumsy...

Microsoft are closing Skype

 I had an email this morning from Microsoft to tell me they are closing Skype.

Back in the early days Skype was invaluable, allowing me to keep in touch with my parents who lived overseas - allowing me to call my father daily as my mother was slowly dying, and the same thing to my brother when my father died, not to mention interminable conversations with lawyers on the other side of the planet to sort out his estate.

I used to use Skype to call home when travelling overseas, and for work calls to colleagues overseas and in Australia.

Through sheer inertia, I still have a Skype account and a Skype number, even though the need for them has disappeared.

Once, when internet coverage was patchy, long distance and international calls were still pricy, and phones didn't support internet calling, the ability to call someone's land line or mobile for a few cents was a godsend.

Nowadays, everyone has a smartphone, and we have alternatives such as WhatsApp, Google Meet, and Zoom, the pandemic darling application, Skype has perhaps outlived its usefulness.

Still, it was good while it lasted, and almost unique as an application that genuinely added to the quality of life.

Endoscope fun

 After my fun trying to photograph a typewriter serial number I had a look into the cost of endoscope cameras, and basic units are amazingly cheap these days - for less than the cost of a couple of beers I picked up this little toy from Amazon

to which I added a USB C converter and plugged it into my Ubuntu laptop, ran up cheese (a webcam management app), and selected the USB device, and hey presto! - it just worked

and if you've ever wondered what a 20c coin looks like in close up, here's a test image

Ok, it's not the greatest quality photograph, but I'm quietly impressed that it took me longer to get it out of the Amazon delivery satchel than it did to get it working ...

Finding Catherine

 Really this post should be titled 'Finding Katherine'.

As is my wont, I thought I would delve a little into the life of Catherine Scragg, the young woman assaulted on a train near Shrewsbury, close to the border between England and Wales, in August 1887.

I do this, in part, to humanise them and make them more than simply a name on a page.

At first Catherine seemed incredibly elusive, she seemed not to exist in the 1881 census.

Well that just shows that you shouldn't believe everything you read in the newspapers. Catherine was in fact Katherine, and was in fact born in 1866, making her 21 or 22 at the time of the attack not 25 as in some of the reports of the time.

As newspapers of the time tended to copy from each other with wild abandon, and fact checking was an unknown construct, the mistakes were reproduced over and over again.

However, the Shropshire Assizes for October 1887 correctly list her as Katherine Scragg. As there's only one Katherine Scragg in the 1881 census for the Stoke on Trent area (her parents lived in 41 Talbot Street in Hanley - checking on Google StreetView suggests that the house is long gone - and she was returning from a visit home when she was attacked) we can be reasonably certain that she was the same Katherine Scragg listed in the 1881 census as a pupil teacher.

But what of her life after the assault?

Well, there is a Katherine Scragg listed in both the 1891 and 1901 census listed as working as a school teacher in Cheslyn Hay in the English midlands between Wolverhampton and Lichfield, and not really that far from Stoke on Trent.

I'm not able to find when she died, but there's a hint that she may have married later in life, but to run that down is going to require a trip to the library to use their copy of  ancestry ...

Goodbye Lubuntu, hello Ubuntu

 

You might remember, back in October, that after my troubles with the latest Ubuntu upgrade and my Lenovo Ideapad, as an experiment I installed Lubuntu on the old Dell Latitude E5250 that I'd bought J as a stopgap machine when her old machine carked it at the start of the pandemic.

As an experiment it was pretty successful, and it's lack of external dependencies - no cloud storage for one - made a useful machine, so useful in fact that I've found myself using it for some family history stuff, especially where I don't necessarily have access to good fast internet. 

Despite the machine being being nine or so years old the machine's pretty responsive, and the keyboard is nice to type on and the screen is nice and bright.

And certainly Lubuntu does not stress the machine - it really is light and fast, and gets the most out of old hardware.

Lubuntu is however a community maintained distribution and as such updates can lag behind the main distribution, and as the machine seemed to be becoming a production machine, I thought I would move it over to standard Ubuntu before I had too much work on it.

So, I backed up my work to a USB stick, burned myself a bootable USB with the latest version of Ubuntu, and rebooted the machine.

I basically just followed the bouncing ball as regards the installation, reinstalled my extra software and copied back my data. Probably took a bit over an hour, but certainly less than two.

On first use the machine seems as capable under Ubuntu as it did under Lubuntu, but as with all these things only time will tell ...

Whose typewriter is this?

 

At Lake View House, we have a collection of Henry Handel Richardson memorabilia, books with dedications by her, an old school book with her notes, a copy of the poems of Lord Byron won as a prize for English at the Presbyterian Ladies College, a pair of her sunglasses, in truth, not that much to memorialize someone, but as, like a lot of Australian writers, musicians and artists of the time, she buggered off to Europe at the first opportunity, and apart for a short visit in 1912, never came back, spending the last part of her life in Hastings on the English south coast.

So it's not really surprising that we don't have a lot in the way of artefacts to memorialize her.

It's said that the desk in the study of Lake View is her writing desk, and displayed on it is a typewriter, an Imperial 55,  made in Leicester by the Imperial Typewriter company.

Now one might be tempted to assume that it's Henry Handel Richardson's typewriter, except it can't be.

Firstly, when I was working through the various editions of her books we hold, I checked them against both the State Library of Victoria and the National Library of Australia, and discovered by pure happenstance that the State Library holds Henry Handel Richardson's typewriter, gifted by Clive Probyn, a well-known Henry Handel Richardson scholar, in 2009.

The State Library also holds a postcard showing HHR's typewriter.

Now, I havn't seen either the typewriter or the postcard, but let's assume for a moment that they match and that the provenance of both items has been checked.

This would tend to suggest that the typewriter at Lake View was not hers.

However, it might be that she bought it as a second typewriter for use by her personal assistant during her last years when she was dying of cancer.

Now when I was documenting the contents of Dow's pharmacy, I chased down the date of the dispensary typewriter to 1924, in part by using the Typewriter Database.

Well, this particular typewriter is s/n 288219

I apologize for the crappy photograph - while the serial number is easy enough to read with the aid of a dentist's mirror it's hidden underneath the platen mechanism and almost impossible to photograph with a normal camera or phone - one of these little endoscope style cameras would probably be the solution - but trust me it's 288219.

So plugging that number into the typewriter database, what do we find?

machines with serial numbers between 284000 and 305929 were built in 1948, two years after HHR's death, making it rather unlikely it was owned by HHR itself - I don't have any provenance documentation, but the earlier 1970s insurance documents, while they mention the writing desk do not mention the typewriter, suggesting that perhaps it was acquired later.

 It could be that the typewriter was purchased and belonged to HHR's long term personal assistant and secretary Olga Roncoroni with whom she had an enduring and close relationship, and who acted as HHR's executrix after her death.

Olga herself died in 1982 and it is possible that some of the memorabilia that we hold came via her estate.

Solved!

I've found some additional documentation that gives a partial provenance.

The item actually has no connection at all to either Henry Handel Richardson or Olga Roncoroni. 

In fact, the item was donated by a lady whose mother lived in Lake View in 1910, and whose grandfather was a journalist at the Federal Standard newspaper in Chiltern.

Of course, the ages don't quite line up with the date of manufacture - if the journalist grandfather was in his twenties in 1910, he would likely be in his sixties when the typewriter was manufactured.

Old journalists of course never retire, and perhaps he kept working well after normal retirement age...

Finding Fanny Elizabeth Bull

 Over on one of my other blogs I've recounted the story of Fanny Elizabeth Bull, a young governess, who was assaulted - let's be honest, was subject to an attempted rape, in a second class compartment of  a South Eastern Railway train in August 1885.

Like all such accounts, quite horrific.

However the case is unusual as it went to prosecution - at the time the only way for a woman to bring a case of violent assault to court was to initiate a private prosecution, and most didn't, for fear of the damage to their reputations.

Fanny unusually, and with the support of the railway company did, and her assailant, who pleaded guilty, was sentenced to three months hard labour.

Finding information about the case was quite easy, fortunately as Fanny was most definitely Fanny Elizabeth her name was quite easy to search for on both Welsh Newspapers online and on the Gale Newsvault via the State Library of Victoria.

And knowing both her name and the name of her assailant, it was really easy to find the outcome of the case on the Old Bailey's website.

And then I thought I might try and put a little bit of flesh on the bones, and find Fanny's age, and confirm her employment.

This turned out to be harder than it should be.

The assault took place in 1885, and she was said to live in Brixton, which then as now was part of the Borough of Lambeth and she had joined the train at Eltham, travelling towards New Cross.

(Just to add to the fun the station she joined the train at is now Mottingham, and not the current Eltham station, which opened some twenty years later - at the time Fanny joined the train, the station was officially Eltham for Mottingham, and universally and confusingly called Eltham).

The newspaper reports describe her as a young governess who lived at home, suggesting she was unmarried, and taking a guess I put her between 20 and 25.

And then I hit a problem.

The England and Wales censuses for 1881 and 1891 are behind a paywall, and you need an account with one of the family history behemoths - which I don't have anymore.

I did manage to find the basics by using FindmyPast without signing up for a subscription, but I couldn't view the actual census documents - which was a problem as neither the 1881 or 1891 census listed her profession, and there were other Fanny Elizabeth Bulls living in London at the time who were roughly the right age and working as housemaids and domestic servants.

Was it an incomplete transcription or was the information simply not there?

And then I had an idea - our library has a subscription to Ancestry, so not knowing anything about how the setup worked, I emailed them asking about access.

Well, they did have a subscription, but you needed to go to the library to use it - it's only a ten minute walk away - the benefits of living in a small town - so I asked them to reserve me a timeslot on one of the public computers.

This turned out to be a really good thing to do - when I got there, there were no patrons, only Anna and Julie the duty librarians, and as a bonus, Julie runs the local family history group.

So I got some individual tuition on using Ancestry, and in around fifteen minutes confirmed that her occupation was not listed on the 1881 or 1891 census form, but she was listed in 1911 as being a Head mistress at the moderately prestigious Trevelyan School in Haywards Heath. In fact I probably spent more time talking to Anna and Julie than I did researching.

I was also able to confirm that Fanny Elizabeth was born in 1861 in Mortlake, and died 1916.

As far as I've been able to find out, she never married.

I'm pleased to see that she seems to have succeeded in life, despite her traumatic experience.

A tide of obsolescent machines

 According to the ABC, the end of Windows 10 as a supported operating system, means that recycling facilities are going to be overwhelmed by a tidal wave of older machines incapable for running Windows 11.

I don't think so.

While there might be a migration in the corporate world to Windows 11, I think we won't see that happen with home users - after all if your machine still works, why replace it?

Money's tight, and home users don't really care about support - there are still Windows 7 machines out there happily emailing and surfing away.

People will only migrate when they find that they can't do something on their old machine, or it dies on them.

As to linux?

Nah, while undoubtedly it's the case that you can put Linux on an old machine and the standard apps will let you do just about everything your old windows machine would, there's still a perception that Linux is (a) difficult (b) requires severe halitosis and poor personal hygiene to use - in fact to use ubuntu or one of the other standard distributions you need nothing more in the way of skills that your average user already has.

There's also the problem that no matter how easy it is to use Linux, getting it onto a machine is complicated - you have to download an image, use something like Rufus or Etcher to make a bootable USB, then boot the machine from the USB, etc etc.

While it's easy it's not the most user friendly process, and can even trip people who know what they're doing - like a bootable ISO or dd image?

So, while I expect the recyclers to be selling off a lot of ex corporate Windows 10 hardware, I don't expect home users to join the upgrade rush, nor do I expect a sudden uptick in the number of home linux users ...

Batteries!

 When I set up my second hand Canon Powershot, I of course checked it, set the date and time and did some test shots.

What I didn't do was power it on and off and see if it held the date and time information. My bad.

So, it was a bit of a surprise when I came to use it and found the clock needed to be reset again. Actually it needed to be reset every damn time I turned it on - it turns out that the configuration memory has a little button battery to power it and this needs to be replaced every so often.

Now with an old camera, indeed an old anything, manufacturers do have a tendency to remove the documentation from their websites, invariably leading to some frantic googling of enthusiast sites.

Not so Canon - the documentation on replacing the time and date battery was online, and not only was it clear, the procedure was straightforward, just a matter of getting the correct battery from ebay, pulling out the old one, and hey presto - we were in business...

The efficiency of the colonial postal services

 Over on one of my other blogs, I mentioned that I'd acquired another example of a colonial period postcard.

It's one issued by the postal service in South Australia meaning it would have been posted there - before Federation the colonies ran their own postal services.

Strangely there's no South Australian post mark but there is one for Melbourne for the 31st of March 1898.

Flipping the card over

we see that the message is dated for the 30th of March, suggesting that the Melbourne post mark shows when it was received by the Victorian postal service, a day after it was written in South Australia and suggesting that the card was sent overnight by rail between Adelaide and Melbourne.

Nowadays, a letter or package takes two or three days to travel between the two, but it's worth pointing out that until about fifteen years ago, a letter to Sydney from Canberra would almost certainly arrive the following day, and a letter to Melbourne might just make next day delivery but would definitely be there the second day after posting.

Even more amazingly, an airmail letter posted on a Monday morning in Canberra to an address in rural Scotland would reliably arrive on the Friday.

Not only does this demonstrate how valuable a fast and efficient postal service was to people in the nineteenth century, when the post was the default means of communication, but also that the marked decline in delivery speeds has only happened once electronic communications became the default ...

Another damned camera ...

 When we went to Tasmania last year I made myself up a little retro photography kit consisting of a half frame camera and my big old Praktica MTL-3.

Well the Praktica didn’t have the happiest trip and I was going to swap the lens to another second hand Praktica body I have, but somehow I never quite got around to swapping the lens as planned, and my retro photography kit has languished on the top shelf of my book case.

And, it has to be said, that while my little dabble with film photography has been useful – particularly the discipline of trying to compose the shot – I really havn’t seriously got into the retro photography thing. Definitely a dilletantte.

So, today I swapped out my MTL-3 with a little second hand Canon Powershot digital camera.

When I brought an old Lumix out of retirement to use at Lake View I rediscovered the advantages of a lightweight digital SLR – while I’ve an old Fuji Finepix which I use for taking high resolution images for digitisation work, in practice it’s just a little too heavy and bulky to double up as a general use camera.

It’s just that little bit too heavy to carry round in a day pack, which is why I switched to a little point and shoot Ixus, which ideal for street scenes and the like, but has the problem that in the bright light of the Australian summer the display panel is drowned out by the sun and you often end up taking the picture blind.

The obvious solution would be to use a camera with a viewfinder, such as the revived Lumix, but being an old camera, the Lumix doesn’t produce particularly high resolution images, and while they're good enough for artefact documentation, they are not so good if you need to crop and fiddle with them a bit to extract part of the image.

I’m hoping that the Canon, being relatively lightweight, and with a higher resolution image collector will bridge the gap between the two, and let me do some reasonable photography ...

Dating UK railway ephemera

 What a confusing mess provenancing railway ephemera is!

Back in the middle of last year I had some fun with Victorian Railways luggage labels, and I've just been down a similar rabbit hole with British GWR labels.

Just as in Australia, there's no real way of dating railway luggage labels, except to say that ones with serifed fonts are generally older than those with sans serif fonts.

Now if the luggage label was an LNER label, we could say that it was post 1923 as railway companies were grouped into four entities after the first world war, and the LNER dates from the 1923 groupings.

Likewise, if the label said London and South Western Railway we could say the label was pre 1923 as the LSWR became part of the new Southern Railway in 1923.

All good, except in the case of the GWR, instead of merging it into a new entity to serve Wales and the west of England, they merged the smaller companies in the area into the existing GWR.

So, if you had a Cambrian Railways label for Builth Wells, it would be pre the 1923 grouping, as post 1923 Cambrian Railways had been merged into the GWR and any luggage label would have said GWR.

However, none of this is any use to us for dating purposes as the GWR reached Oxford in 1844 and continued to serve Oxford until it was nationalised in 1948.

So we're thrown back on hand waving stylistic arguments.

Just like the labels on medicine bottles, the first labels were almost exclusively letterpress.

And we could say that if they were for an obscure country station such as Abbeydore, we could guess that they would print a batch of labels and keep on using them until they ran out, possibly forty or fifty years after the station opened.

It would be possible to get a mixture of styles, because when Abbeydore opened, they would have sent labels for Abbeydore to all their stations where you could check luggage.

Some stations would have got through their labels faster than others, and others could conceivably still be using ones from Queen Victoria's time in the 1930s.

In the case of Oxford, that would not have been the case.

Due to the university it would always have been a busy station handling lots of luggage and consequently they would need to reorder luggage labels for Oxford every two or three years, meaning that while you might get a mix of styles they are all likely to have been printed within ten years of each other.

If we look at the label, we see it's printed using a rather stylish sans serif font and looks as if it might have been printed using lithography.

J W Tyler, the original owner of the hat box died in 1909.

To me, at least, the fonts used do not look to be like those used in the Victorian or Edwardian periods. Sans Serif fonts, especially stylish ones with thickened strokes look much more like you would expect in the 1920's or 1930's, so I'm guessing the hat box was used by someone travelling to Oxford some time between the first and second world wars ...

Microsoft's AI price hike

 If, like me, you have a personal Microsoft 365 subscription you'll have received an email telling you that the cost of your annual subscription was going from A$109 to A$159.

(Actually I didn't get the email, not right away, it was only when J told me about her price increase email I went looking and found that Outlook - bless its little cotton socks - had classified the email as junk - go figure.)

Well, I hissed and swore, but I had expected an increase in part to our dollar doing one of its periodic nosedives in value. I did think an A$50 increase a bit steep, but I guessed that Microsoft had been listening to some of these catastrophising exchange rate analysts - the same ones that told us last year that our dollar would go up in value - and decided to hedge its bets, and I must admit I didn't really read the email properly.

Now, I need Microsoft 365.

I use One Note extensively - while I used to use Evernote to manage my research material I've moved over to One Note as a note management tool, and the 1TB of storage comes in handy given I've a vast number of photographs of artefacts.

And I've found that while Libre Office will happily do 95% of everything you can reasonably do with Office, it doesn't cope that well with weird macro dominated data recording spreadsheets and grant application forms using equally weird templates and mandating strange fonts.

So, Microsoft 365 it is - and that's why both my desk and work laptop use windows despite my liking for both linux and parsimonious solutions to recording data in the field

But when I read the email carefully, I saw that part of the increase was to pay for the AI features Microsoft was building into its applications.

Now, I'm a cynic about AI, and a lot of it seems quite immature and singularly useless.

It certainly doesn't need to be everywhere, and being offered the option to generate a summary of my credit card statement or an email about a nineteenth century coronial inquest is not helpful.

However, I will admit that while the little search summaries sometimes generated by Google's Gemini a few months ago were useless, recently, they've improved, and when researching nineteenth century medical instrument manufacturers they've been reasonably useful, providing you read critically and are alert for the odd howler.

I havn't used Microsoft's equivalent product, but I have no reason to believe their products have not followed a similar trajectory, and may prove useful to me in what I do, which does involve quite a bit of web based research.

So, while I'll hiss and groan, I'll put up with it.

I suspect that most users of Office don't really need the brave new world of AI, but then it's always been the case that 90% of Office users only use 10% or the features - the problem has been guessing which features are the key 10% - so no change there.

What does worry me are the  adverts appearing on TV (it'll soon be the start of the school year here in Australia) about how CoPilot and CoPilot based PC's will help students power through assignments, and in one advert, the actor playing a uni student is shown asking CoPilot to cite her sources.

I'm sorry, if you want to do research oriented work, you need to learn to do research, learn to critically read your sources, and weigh up their validity, in short you need to learn to think for yourself.

AI is a tool, not a panacea.

 And as for the students and their clever PCs, I keep on thinking about when I learned to sail yachts and they made us learn to do some very basic astronomical and solar navigation, because, as the course tutor said, when you're out on the ocean and the electrical system has died taking out the GPS, how are you going to find your way home?

The same goes for outsourcing your thinking to a machine ...